DIAGNÓSTICO Y CLASIFICACIÓN DE LA DIABETES MELLITUS

REFERENCIAS

1. National Diabetes Data Group: Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 28: 1039–1057, 1979

2. World Health Organization: Diabetes Mellitus: Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva, World Health Org., 1985 (Tech. Rep. Ser., no. 727)

3. Hoet JJ, Tripathy BB, Rao RH, Yajnik CS: Malnutrition and diabetes in the tropics. Diabetes Care 19:1014–1017,1996

4. Atkinson MA, Maclaren NK: The pathogenesis of insulin dependent diabetes. N Engl J Med 331:1428–1436, 1994

5. Baekkeskov S, Neilsen JH, Marner B, Bilde T, Ludvigsson J, Lernmark A: Autoantibodies in newly diagnosed diabetic children with immunoprecipitate human pancreatic islet cell proteins. Nature 298:167–169, 1982

6. Atkinson MA, Maclaren NK, Riley WJ, Winter WE, Fisk DD, Spillar RP: Are insulin autoantibodies markers for insulin-dependent mellitus? Diabetes 35: 894–898, 1986

7. Kaufman D, Erlander M, Clare-Salzler M, Atkinson M, Maclaren N, Tobin A: Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin-dependent mellitus. J Clin Invest 89 :283–292, 1992

8. Christie MR, Tun RY, Lo SSS, Cassidy D, Brown TJ, Hollands J, Shattock M, Bottazzo GF, Leslie RDG: Antibodies to GAD and tryptic fragments of islet 64K antigen as distinct markers for development of IDDM: studies with identical twins. Diabetes 41 782–787, 1992

9. Schott M, Schatz D, Atkinson M, Krischer J, Mehta H, Vold B, Maclaren N: GAD65 autoantibodies increase the predictability but not the sensitivity of islet cell and insulin autoantibodies for developing insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Autoimmunity 7:865– 872, 1994

10. Schmidli RS, Colman PG, Harrison LC: Do glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies improve the prediction of IDDM in first-degree relatives at risk for IDDM? J Autoimmunity 7:873–879, 1994

11. Myers MA, Rabin DU, Rowley MJ: Pancreatic islet cell cytoplasmic antibody in diabetes is represented by antibodies to islet cell antigen 512 and glutamic acid decarboxylase. Diabetes 44 1995 :1290–1295.

12. Lan MS, Wasserfall C, Maclaren NK, Notkins AL: IA-2, a transmembrane protein of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family, is a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:6367–6370, 1996

13. Lu J, Li Q, Xie H, Chen Z, Borovitskaya AE, Maclaren NK, Notkins AL, Lan MS: Identification of a second transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase, IA-2, as an autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: precursor of the 37-kDa tryptic fragment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 2307–2311, 1996

14. Cantor AB, Krischer JP, Cuthbertson DD, Schatz DA, Riley WJ, Malone J, Schwartz S, Quattrin T, Maclaren NK: Age and family relationship accentuate the risk of IDDM in relatives of patients with insulin dependent diabetes. Clin Endocrinol Metab 80: 739–3743,1995

15. Huang W, Connor E, DelaRosa T, Muir A, Schatz D, Silverstein J, Crockett S, She JX, Maclaren NK: Although DR3-DQB1* may be associated with multiple component diseases of the autoimmune polyglandular syndromes, the human leukocyte antigen DR4-DQB1I0302 haplotype is implicated only in beta cell autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:1–5, 1996

16. Zimmet PZ, Tuomi T, Mackay R, Rowley MJ, Knowles W, Cohen M, Lang DA: Latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults (LADA): the role of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in diagnosis and prediction of insulin dependency. Diabet Med 11:299–303, 1994

17. Banerji M, Lebovitz H: Insulin sensitive and insulin resistant variants in IDDM. Diabetes 38: 784–792, 1989

18. Reaven GM, Bernstein R, Davis B, Olefsky JM: Nonketotic diabetes mellitus: insulin deficiency or insulin resistance? Am J Med 60:80–88,1976

19. Olefsky JM, Kolterman OG, Scarlett, JA: Insulin action and resistance in obesity and noninsulin-dependent type II diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol 243: E15–E30, 1982

20. DeFronzo R, Deibert D, Hendler R, Felig P: Insulin sensitivity and insulin binding to monocytes in maturity-onset diabetes. J Clin Invest 63:939–946, 1979

21. Turner RC, Holman, RR, Matthews D, Hockaday TDR, Peto J: Insulin deficiency and insulin resistance interaction in diabetes: estimation of their relative contribution by feedback analysis from basal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations. Metabolism 28:1086–1096, 1979

22. Kolterman OG, Gray RS, Griffin J, Burstein P, Insel J, Scarlett JA, Olefsky JM: Receptor and postreceptor defects contribute to the insulin resistance in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 68:957–969, 1981

23. Bogardus C, Lillioja S, Mott DM, Hollenbeck C, Reaven G: Relationship between degree of obesity and in vivo insulin action in man. Am J Physiol 248:E286– E291, 1985

24. Kissebah AH, Vydelingum N, Murray R, Evans DF, Hartz AJ, Kalkhoff RK, Adams PW: Relationship of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:254–260, 1982

25. Butkiewicz EK, Leibson C, O'Brien PC, Palumbo PJ, Rizza RA: Insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 18:1187–1190, 1995

26. Banerji MA, Chaiken RL, Huey H, Tuomi T, Norin AJ, Mackay IR, Rowley MJ, Zimmet P, Lebovitz H: GAD antibody negative NIDDM in adult black subjects with diabetic ketoacidosis and increased frequency of human leukocyte antigen DR3 and DR4. Diabetes 43:741–745, 1994

27. Umpierrez GE, Casals MMC, Gebhart SSP, Mizon PS, Clark WS, Phillips LS: Diabetic ketoacidosis in obese African-Americans. Diabetes 44:79–85, 1995

28. Harris MI: Impaired glucose tolerance in the U.S. population. Diabetes Care 12: 464–474, 1989 29. Zimmet PZ: Kelly West Lecture 1991: challenges in diabetes epidemiology: from west to the rest. Diabetes Care 15:232–252, 1992

30. Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL, Kinyoun JL, Shuman WP, Stolov WC, Wahl PW: Prevalence of complications among second-generation Japanese-American men with diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance or normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes 36:730–739, 1987

31. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK, Meuer MS: The association of glycemia and cause-specific mortality in a diabetic population. Arch Int Med 154:2473–2479, 1984

32. Kuusisto J, Mykknen L, Pyφrδlδ K, Laakso M: NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary heart disease in elderly subjects. Diabetes 43:960–967, 1994

33. Andersson DKG, Svaardsudd K: Long-term glycemic control relates to mortality in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 18: 1534–1543, 1995

34. Uusitupaa MIJ, Niskanen LK, Siitonen O, Voutilainen E, Pyφrδlδ K: Ten year cardiovascular mortality in relation to risk factors and abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 18:1534–1543, 1993

35. Polonsky KS, Sturis J, Bell GI: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a genetically programmed failure of the beta cell to compensate for insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 334:777–784, 1996

36. Scarlett JA, Gray RS, Griffin J, Olefsky JM, Kolterman OG: Insulin treatment reverses the insulin resistance of type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 5:353–363, 1982

37. Firth RG, Bell PM, Rizza RM: Effects of tolazamide and exogenous insulin on insulin action in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 314:1280–1286, 1986

38. Simonson DC, Ferrannini E, Bevilacqua S, Smith D, Barrett E, Carlson R, DeFronzo RA: Mechanism of improvement in glucose metabolism after chronic glyburide therapy. Diabetes 33:838–845, 1984

39. Henry RR, Wallace P, Olefsky JM: Effects of weight loss on mechanisms of hyperglycemia in obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 35:990–998, 1986

40. Wing RR, Blair EH, Bononi P, Marcus MD, Watanabe R, Bergman RN: Caloric restriction per se is a significant factor in improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity during weight loss in obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 17:30–36, 1994

41. Harris MI, Couric CC, Reiber G, Boyko E, Stern M, Bennett P (Eds.): Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1995 (NIH publ. no. 95-1468)

42. Newman B, Selby JV, Slemenda C, Fabsitz R, Friedman GD: Concordance for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in male twins. Diabetologia 30:763– 738, 1987

43. Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RDG, Pyke DA: Diabetes in identical twins. Diabetologia 20:87–93, 1981

44. Herman WH, Fajans SS, Oritz FJ, Smith MJ, Sturis J, Bell GI, Polonsky KS, Halter JB: Abnormal insulin secretion, not insulin resistance, is the genetic or primary defect of MODY in the RW pedigree. Diabetes 43:40–46, 1994

45. Byrne MM, Sturis J, Menzel S, Yamagata K, Fajans SS, Dronsfield MJ, Bain SC, Hattersley AT, Velho G, Froguel P, Bell GI, Polonsky KS: Altered insulin secretory response to glucose in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects with mutations in the diabetes susceptibility gene MODY3 on chromosome 12. Diabetes 45:1503–1510, 1996

46. Clement K, Pueyo ME, Vaxillaire M, Rakotoambinina B, Thuillier F, Passa P, Froguel P, Roberts J, Velho G: Assessment of insulin sensitivity in glucokinase-deficient subjects. Diabetologia 39:82–90, 1996

47. Vaxillaire M, Boccio V, Philippi A, Vigouroux C, Terwilliger J, Passa P, Beckman JS, Velho G, Lathrop GM, Froguel P: A gene for maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) maps to chromosome 12q. Nature Genet 9:418–423, 1995

48. Yamagata K, Oda N, Kaisaki PJ, Menzel S, Furuta H, Vaxillaire M, Southam L, Cox RD, Lathrop GM, Boriraj VV, Chen X, Cox NJ, Oda Y, Yano H, Le Beau MM, Yamada S, Nishigori H, Takeda J, Fajans SS, Hattersley AT, Iwasaki N, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Polonsky KS, Bell GI: Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 gene in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY 3). Nature 384:455–458, 1996

49. Froguel P, Vaxillaire M, Sun F, Velho G, Zouali H, Butel MO, Lesage S, Vionnet N, Clement K, Fougerousse F, et al.: Close linkage of glucokinase locus on chromosome 7p to early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 356:162–164, 1992

50. Vionnet N, Stoffel M, Takeda J, Yasuda K, Bell GI, Zouali H, Lesage S, Velho G, Iris F, Passa P, et al.: Nonsense mutation in the glucokinase gene causes early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 356:721–1488, 1992

51. Bell GI, Xiang K, Newman MV, Wu S, Wright LG, Fajans SS, Spielman RS, Cox NJ: Gene for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (maturity-onset diabetes of the young subtype) is linked to DNA polymorphism on human chromosome 20q. Proc Natl Acad Sci 88:1484–1488, 1991

52. Yamagata K, Furuta H, Oda N, Kaisaki PJ, Menzel S, Cox NJ, Fajans SS, Signorini S, Stoffel M, Bell GI: Mutations in the hepatocyte factor-4 gene in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY 1). Nature 384:458–460, 1996

53. Reardon W, Ross RJM, Sweeney MG, Luxon LM, Pembrey ME, Harding AE, Trembath RC: Diabetes mellitus associated with a pathogenic point mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Lancet 340:1376– 1379, 1992

54. van den Ouwenland JMW, Lemkes HHPJ, Ruitenbeek W, Sandkuijl LA, de Vijlder MF, Struyvenberg PAA, van de Kamp, Maassen JA: Mutation in mitochondrial tRNA (Leu(URR) gene in a large pedigree with maternally transmitted type II diabetes mellitus and deafness. Nature Genet 1:368–371, 1992

55. Kadowaki T, Kadowaki H, Mori Y, Tobe K, Sakuta R, Suzuki Y, Tanabe Y, Sakura H, Awata T, Goto Y, et al.: A subtype of diabetes mellitus associated with a mutation of mitochondrial DNA. N Engl J Med 330:962–968, 1994 56. Johns DR: Mitochondrial DNA and disease. N Engl J Med 333:638–644, 1995

57. Gruppuso PA, Gorden P, Kahn CR, Cornblath M, Zeller WP, Schwartz R: Familial hyperproinsulinemia due to a proposed defect in conversion of proinsulin to insulin. N Engl J Med 311:629–634, 1984

58. Robbins DC, Shoelson SE, Rubenstein AH, Tager HS: Familial hyperproinsulinemia: two cohorts secreting indistinguishable type II intermediates of proinsulin conversion. J Clin Invest 73:714–719, 1984

59. Tager H, Given B, Baldwin D, Mako M, Markese J, Rubenstein A, Olefsky J, Kobayashi M, Kolterman O, Poucher R: A structurally abnormal insulin causing human diabetes. Nature 281:122–125, 1979

60. Haneda M, Chan SJ, Kwok SCM, Rubenstein AH, Steiner DF: Studies on mutant human insulin genes: identification and sequence analysis of a gene encoding [SerB24]insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:6366–6370, 1983

61. Given BD, Mako ME, Tager HS, Baldwin D, Markese J, Rubenstein AH, Olefsky J, Kobayashi M, Kolterman O, Poucher R: Diabetes due to secretion of an abnormal insulin. N Engl J Med 302:129–135, 1980

62. Kahn CR, Flier JS, Bar RS, Archer JA, Gorden P, Martin MM, Roth J: The syndromes of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. N Engl J Med 294:739–745, 1976

63. Taylor SI: Lilly Lecture: molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance: lessons from patients with mutations in the insulin-receptor gene. Diabetes 41:1473–1490, 1992

64. Ciaraldi TP, El-Roeiy A, Madar Z, Reichart D, Olefsky JM, Yen SSC: Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:577–583, 1992

65. Dunaif A, Segal KR, Shelley DR, Green G, Dobrjansky A, Licholai T: Evidence for distinctive and intrinsic defects in insulin action in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes 41:1257–1266, 1992

66. Schwartz SS, Zeidler A, Moossa AR, Kuku SF, Rubenstein AH: A prospective study of glucose tolerance, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses in patients with pancreatic carcinoma. Digestive Dis 23:1107– 1114, 1978

67. Cersosimo E, Pister PWT, Pesola G, McDermott K, Bajorunas D, Brennan MF: Insulin secretion and action in patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer 67:486– 493, 1991

68. Larsen S, Hilsted J, Tronier B, Worning H: Metabolic control and B cell function in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis. Metabolism 36:964–967, 1987

69. Phelps G, Chapman I, Hall P, Braund W, Mackinnon M: Prevalence of genetic haemochromatosis among diabetic patients. Lancet ii:233–234, 1989

70. Handwerger S, Roth J, Gorden P, Di Sant' Agnese P, Carpenter DF, Peter G: Glucose intolerance in cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 281:451–461, 1969

71. Yajnik CS, Shelgikar KM, Naik SS, Kanitkar SV, Orskov H, Alberti KGMM, Hockaday TDR: The ketoacidosis-resistance in fibro-calculous-pancreatic-diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 15:149–156, 1992

72. Soffer LJ, Iannaccone A, Gabrilove JL: Cushing's syndrome. Am J Med 30:129– 146, 1961

73. Jadresic A, Banks LM, Child DF, Diamant L, Doyle FH, Fraser TR, Joplin GF: The acromegaly syndrome. Q J Med 202:189– 204, 1982

74. Stenstrom G, Ernest I, Tisell L: Long-term results in 64 patients operated upon for pheochromocytoma. Acta Med Scan 223:345–352, 1988

75. Berelowitz M, Eugene HG: Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus secondary to other endocrine disorders. In Diabetes Mellitus. LeRoith D, Taylor SI, Olefsky JM, Eds. New York, Lippincott-Raven, 1996, p. 496–502

76. Conn JW: Hypertension, the potassium ion and impaired carbohydrate tolerance. N Engl J Med 273:1135–1143, 1965

77. Pandit MK, Burke J, Gustafson AB, Minocha A, Peiris AN: Drug-induced disorders of glucose tolerance. Ann Int Med 118:529–540, 1993

78. O'Byrne S, Feely J: Effects of drugs on glucose tolerance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes (parts I and II). Drugs 40:203– 219, 1990

79. Bouchard P, Sai P, Reach G, Caubarrere I, Ganeval D, Assan R: Diabetes mellitus following pentamidine-induced hypoglycemia in humans. Diabetes 31:40–45, 1982

80. Assan R, Perronne C, Assan D, Chotard L, Mayaud C, Matheron S, Zucman D: Pentamidine-induced derangements of glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care 18:47–55, 1995

81. Gallanosa AG, Spyker DA, Curnow RT: Diabetes mellitus associated with autonomic and peripheral neuropathy after Vacor poisoning: a review. Clin Toxicol 18:441–449, 1981

82. Esposti MD, Ngo A, Myers MA: Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I may account for IDDM induced by intoxication with rodenticide Vacor. Diabetes 45:1531– 1534, 1996

83. Fabris P, Betterle C, Floreani A, Greggio NA, de Lazzari F, Naccarato R, Chiaramonte M: Development of type 1 diabetes mellitus during interferon alpha therapy for chronic HCV hepatitis. Lancet 340:548, 1992

84. Shiba T, Morino Y, Tagawa K, Fujino H, Unuma T: Onset of diabetes with high titer anti-GAD antibody after IFN therapy for chronic hepatitis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 30:237–241, 1996

85. Forrest, JA, Menser MA, Burgess JA: High frequency of diabetes mellitus in young patients with congenital rubella. Lancet ii:332–334, 1971

86. King ML, Bidwell D, Shaikh A, Voller A, Banatvala JE: Coxsackie-B-virus-specific IgM responses in children with insulin-dependent (juvenile-onset; type I) diabetes mellitus. Lancet i:1397–1399, 1983

87. Karjalainen J, Knip M, Hyoty H, Linikki P, Ilonen J, Kaar M-L, Akerblom HK: Relationship between serum insulin antibodies, islet cell antibodies and Coxsackie-B4 and mumps virus–specific antibodies at the clinical manifestation of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 31:146–152, 1988

88. Pak CY, Eun H, McArthur RG, Yoon J: Association of cytomegalovirus infection with autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Lancet ii:1–4, 1988 89. Solimena M, Folli, Aparisi R, Pozza G, De Camilli P: Autoantibodies to GABA-nergic neurons and pancreatic beta cells in stiff-man syndrome. N Engl J Med 41:347–353, 1992

90. Rimoin DL: Genetic syndromes associated with glucose intolerance. In The Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1976

91. Barrett TG, Bundey SE, Macleod AF: Neurodegeneration and diabetes: UK nationwide study of Wolfram (DIDMOAD) syndrome. Lancet 346:1458–1463, 1995

92. Metzger BE, Organizing Committee: Summary and recommendations of the Third International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes 40:197–201, 1991

93. Engelgau MM, Herman WH, Smith PJ, German RR, Aubert RE: The epidemiology of diabetes and pregnancy in the U.S., 1988. Diabetes Care 18:1029–1033, 1995

94. Coustan DR: Gestational diabetes. In Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1995 (NIH publ. no. 95-1468), p. 703–717

95. Langer O, Rodriguez DA, Xenakis EMJ, McFarland MB, Berkus MD, Arrendondo F: Intensified versus conventional management of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1036–1047, 1994

96. Magee MS, Walden CE, Benedetti TJ: Influence of diagnostic criteria on the incidence of gestational diabetes and perinatal morbidity. JAMA 269:609–615, 1993

97. Cousins L: Obstetric complications. In Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1995, p. 455–468

98. O'Sullivan JB, Mahan CM: Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Diabetes 13:278, 1964

99. O'Sullivan JB: The Boston Gestational Diabetes Studies: review and perspective. In Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn. Sutherland HW, Stowers JM, Pearson DWM, Eds. London, Springer-Verlag, 1989, p. 187–294

100. O'Sullivan JB: Diabetes after GDM. Diabetes 40 (Suppl. 2):131–135, 1991 101. Metzger BE, Cho NH, Roston SM, Radvany R: Prepregnancy weight and antepartum insulin secretion predict glucose tolerance five years after gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 16:1598– 1605, 1993

102. Coustan DR, Carpenter MW, O'Sullivan PS, Carr SR: Gestational diabetes: predictors of subsequent disordered glucose metabolism. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168: 1139–1145, 1993

103. Kjos SL, Buchanan TA, Greenspoon JS, Montoro M, Bernstein GS, Mestman JH: Gestational diabetes: the prevalence of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in the first two months postpartum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:93–98, 1990

104. Diabetes and pregnancy. In ACOG Technical Bulletin 200, 1994 105. Carpenter MW, Coustan DR: Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:768–773, 1982

106. Sacks DA, Abu-Fadil S, Greenspoon JS: Do the current standards for glucose tolerance testing in pregnancy represent a valid conversion of O'Sullivan's original criteria? Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:638– 641, 1989

107. Neiger R, Coustan DR: Are the current ACOG glucose tolerance test criteria sensitive enough? Obstet Gynecol 78:1117– 1120, 1991

108. Naylor CD, Sermer M, Chen E, Sykora K: Caesarean delivery in relation to birth weight and gestational glucose tolerance. JAMA 275:1265–1270, 199

6 109. Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Hanson RL, Narayan KMV, Knowler WC: Comparison of World Health Organization and National Diabetes Data Group procedures to detect abnormalities of glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Diabetes Care 17:1264–1268, 1994

110. Sacks DA, Greenspoon JS, Abu-Fadil S, Henry HM, Wolde-Tsadik G, Yao JF: Toward universal criteria for gestational diabetes: the 75-gram glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172:607–614, 1995

111. Deerochanawong C, Putiyanum C, Wongsuryrat M, Serirat S, Jinayon P: Comparison of National Diabetes Data Group and World Health Organization criteria for detecting gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 39:1070–1073, 1996

111a. Metzger BE, Coustan DR: Summary and recommendations of the Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 21 (Suppl. 2):B161–B167, 1998

112. Marquette GP, Klein VR, Niebyl JR: Efficacy of screening for gestational diabetes. Am J Perinatology 2:7–14, 1985

113. Dietrich ML, Dolnicek TF, Rayburn WR: Gestational diabetes screening in a private, midwestern American population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:1403–1408, 1987

114. Lucas MJ, Lowe TW, Bowe L, McIntire DD: Class A1 gestational diabetes: a meaningful diagnosis? Obstet Gynecol 82:260– 265, 1993

115. Charles MA, Fontboune A, Thibult N, Warnet JM, Rosselin GE, Eschwege E: Risk factors for NIDDM in white population: Paris Prospective Study. Diabetes 40:796–799, 1991

116. Brunzell JD, Robertson RP, Lerner RL, Hazzard WR, Ensink JW, Bierman EL, Porte D Jr: Relationships between fasting plasma glucose levels and insulin secretion during intravenous glucose tolerance tests. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:222–229, 1976

117. Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarrett RJ, Keen H: Coronary-heart disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance: the Whitehall Study. Lancet i:1373–1376, 1980

118. Charles MA, Balkau B, Vauzelle-Kervφeden F, Thibult N, Eschwθge E: Revision of diagnostic criteria for diabetes (Letter). Lancet 348:1657–1658, 1996

119. Jarrett RJ, Kahn H: Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. Lancet ii:1009–1012, 1976

120. Klein, R, Comor EB, Blount BA, Wingard DL: Visual impairment and retinopathy in people with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance and newly diagnosed NIDDM. Diabetes Care 14:914– 918, 1991

121. McCartney P, Keen H, Jarrett RJ: The Bedford Survey: observations on retina and lens of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and in controls with normal glucose tolerance. Diabete Metab 9:303–305, 1983

122. Reaven GM, Olefsky J, Farquhar JW: Does hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinaemia characterize the patient with chemical diabetes? Lancet i:1247–1249, 1972

123. Little RR, England JD, Wiedmeyer H-M, McKenzie EM, Pettit DJ, Knowler WC, Goldstein DE: Relationship of glycosylated hemoglobin to oral glucose tolerance: implications for diabetes screening. Diabetes 37:60–64, 1988

124. Reaven GM: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595–607, 1988 125. McCance, DR, Hanson RL, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Hadden DR, Knowler WC: Diagnosing diabetes mellitus: do we need new criteria? Diabetologia 40:247–255, 1997

126. Knowler, WC: Screening for NIDDM: opportunities for detection, treatment and prevention. Diabetes Care 17:445–450, 1994

127. Harris MI, Hadden WC, Knowler WC, Bennett PH: Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and plasma glucose levels in the U.S. population aged 20–74 yr. Diabetes 36:523–534, 1987

128. Stolk RP, Orchard TJ, Grobbee DE: Why use the oral glucose tolerance test? Diabetes Care 18:1045–1049; 1995

129. McCance DR, Hanson RL, Charles MA, Jacobsson LTH, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Comparison of tests for glycated haemoglobin and fasting and two hour plasma glucose concentrations as diagnostic methods for diabetes. BMJ 308:1323–1328, 1994

130. Engelgau MM, Thompson TJ, Herman WH, Boyle JP, Aubert RE, Kenny SJ, Badran A, Sous ES, Ali MA: Comparison of fasting and 2-hour glucose and HbA1c levels for diagnosing diabetes: diagnostic criteria and performance revisited. Diabetes Care 20:785–791, 1997

131. Jackson CA, Yudkin JS, Forrest RD: A comparison of the relationships of the glucose tolerance test and the glycated haemoglobin assay with diabetic vascular disease in the community: the Islington Diabetes Survey. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 17:111–123, 1992

132. Beks PJ, Mackay AJC, de Neeling JND, de Vries H, Bouter LM, Heine RJ: Peripheral arterial disease in relation to glycaemic level in elderly Caucasian population: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 38:86–96, 1995

133. Mooy JM, Gootenhuis PA, de Vries H, Kostense PJ, Popp-Snijders C, Bouter LM, Heine RJ: Intra-individual variation of glucose, specific insulin and proinsulin concentrations measured by two oral glucose tolerance tests in general Caucasian population: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 39:298–305, 1996

134. Finch CF, Zimmet PA, Alberti KGMM: Determining diabetes prevalence: a rational basis for the use of fasting plasma glucose concentrations? Diabet Med 7:603– 610, 1990

135. Peters AL, Davidson MB, Schriger DL, Hasselblad V, the Meta-analysis Research Group on the Diagnosis of Diabetes Using Glycated Hemoglobin Levels 1996: A clinical approach for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: an analysis using glycated hemoglobin levels. JAMA 276:1246–1252, 1996

136. American Diabetes Association: Tests of glycemia in diabetes (Position Statement). Diabetes Care 23 (Suppl. 1):S80–S82, 2000

137. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus (Position Statement). Diabetes Care 23 (Suppl. 1):S32–S42, 2000

138. Mayrhofer M, Rabin DU, Messenger L, Standl E, Ziegler AG: Value of ICA512 antibodies for prediction and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diab 104:228–234, 1996

139. Bingley PJ, Christie MR, Bonifacio E, Bonfanti R, Shattock M, Fonte M-T, Bottazzo G-F, Gale EAM: Combined analyses of autoantibodies improves prediction of IDDM in islet cell antibody-positive relatives. Diabetes 43:1304–1310, 1994

140. Verge CF, Gianani R, Kawasaki E, Chase H, Eisenbarth GS: Prediction of type I diabetes in first degree relatives using a combination of insulin, GAD and ICA512bc/IA-2 autoantibodies. Diabetes 45:926–933, 1996

141. Hagopian WA, Sanjeevi CB, Kockum I, Landin-Olsson M, Karlsen AE, Sundkvist G, Dahlquist G, Palmer J, Lernmark A: Glutamate decarboxylase-, insulin-, and islet cell-antibodies and HLA typing to detect diabetes in a general population-based study of Swedish children. J Clin Invest 95:1505–1511, 1995

142. Harris MI: Undiagnosed NIDDM: clinical and public health issues. Diabetes Care 16:642–652, 1993

143. Klein R: Hyperglycemia and microvascular and macrovascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care 18:258–268, 1995

 

Vea también:

New classification and criteria for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Position Statement from the Australian Diabetes Society, New Zealand Society for the Study of Diabetes, Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists. MJA 1999; 170: 375-378